Rich nations failed to meet USD 100 bn climate finance promise in 2022: Oxfam

Oxfam reports rich nations claimed USD 116 billion in 2022 climate finance, but only USD 35 billion was actual aid. The 2009 pledge was USD 100 billion. OECD's figures include market loans; only USD 15 billion was for adaptation. UNEP estimates USD 215-387 billion needed. Baku conference to set new goals. Citing Article 9, aid should be grants.