Greenwashing is out of fashion — it’s time to remove it from the clothing industry
Ahead of its planned London IPO, fast fashion retail giant Shein recently announced the launch of a more than $200 million “circularity fund” to tackle waste in fashion.
The company devotes an entire section of its website to this effort. According to its literature on the subject, it aims to decarbonize its supply chain, and source responsible materials. The same company also adds over 2,000 products to its website every day and emits 6.3 million tons of carbon dioxide a year in its production processes.
If this sounds like an oxymoron, it’s because it is. And that’s the problem with sustainable fast fashion: it’s a myth. It doesn’t exist.
The fashion industry is estimated to be responsible for 10 percent of global carbon emissions— more than aviation and maritime shipping combined. It pollutes water, destroys forests and releases microplastics into our food chains. Yet few industries tout their eco credentials and commitment to sustainability as loudly as fashion. Search the term “sustainable fashion” online and you’ll be met with hundreds of millions of results.
Like Shein, almost every brand, from luxury conglomerate LVMH to ultra-cheap online retailer Boohoo, espouses commitment to sustainability and the environment despite the obvious and self-evident contradictions in their claims. However, 2024 is fast becoming a year of reckoning, with brands forced to retreat on claims of sustainability and acknowledge the inconsistencies between their marketing and the realities of their business models.
In January, California passed the Voluntary Carbon Market Disclosures Act a law intended to combat greenwashing by requiring disclosure on net zero, carbon neutrality and emissions reduction claims. A directive introduced by the European Union in March directly addresses the issue by requiring large European companies to provide scientific validation before using terms such as “eco-friendly,” “biodegradable” or “sustainable.” France has taken things a step further — its parliament this year voted unanimously in favor of a bill to ban fast fashion advertising altogether. If ratified by the Senate, the infringing law will carry penalties of up to 100,000 euros.
Regulatory investigations conducted in Europe have also proven successful in holding brands to account. On the back of a probe by the United Kingdom’s Competition and Markets Authority in April of this year, both Boohoo and Asos have voluntarily committed to set out clearly what products qualify for eco ranges, and to give clear information on why materials are considered “sustainable.” They also pledged to refrain from using natural imagery such as green leaves to suggest products look more environmentally friendly than they in fact are.
Greenwashing is nothing new. The term was first coined by environmentalist Jay Westerfield in 1986 in relation to a hotel policy that claimed the reusing of towels was to “save the environment” when, in reality, it was to reduce the hotel’s laundry costs. However, the growing urgency of the climate crisis — several California locations have just this month broken record temperatures — has put increased focus on the role greenwashing plays in the unfolding environmental Armageddon.
Historically, one of the stumbling blocks in preventing a crackdown on greenwashing has been the lack of any uniformity when it comes to the use of “green” terminology. Words like sustainable and eco-friendly and can be vague and open to interpretation, depending on their context and usage. Another problem has been the use of deflection tactics. Zara, the fast-fashion retail subsidiary of the Spanish multinational manufacturing and retailing group Inditex, this year committed to using sustainable paper packaging, earning itself eco credentials while simultaneously drawing attention away from the 450 million garments of clothing that it produces each year.
For customers, it can be confusing and a struggle to differentiate between brands with a genuine ethos of sustainability and those who appropriate green terminology in a cynical attempt to win customers. Large fashion brands with huge advertising budgets and reach across social media platforms drown out those with concrete and credible programs in place, undermining their efforts and making it incredibly difficult for them to compete. Consumers, as well as regulators, are tired of the lack of transparency from fashion retailers — it's time we do something to put a stop to greenwashing, once and for all.
Elaine Maguire O’Connor is a writer and consultant working in fashion law.