Rising Online Surveillance and Deteriorating Internet Freedom in Pakistan

Internet users in Pakistan have reported widespread connectivity issues, including delays in social media messages, difficulties uploading files, and problems sending voice notes. These challenges disrupt everyday communication and hinder the country’s information technology (IT) export sector, affecting freelancers and businesses reliant on stable internet connectivity. In this context, concerns have emerged regarding the balance between internet regulation and freedom of expression.

According to a Freedom House report, internet freedom in Pakistan remained restricted from June 2023 to May 2024, with instances of internet shutdowns, platform blockages, and legislative proposals affecting online access. Social media platforms were blocked during the February 2024 National Assembly elections, with X (formerly Twitter) remaining inaccessible since mid-February. Official statements attributed the blockages to concerns over disinformation and misuse of social media. At the 2024 Margalla Dialogue, Pakistan Army Chief General Syed Asim Munir emphasized the need for regulated freedom of expression, linking it to societal stability.

To address perceived security threats, authorities have restricted the use of unauthorized VPNs, citing concerns over financial crimes and potential misuse. These measures have raised comparisons to countries with stringent internet regulations. Many internet users have turned to VPNs for essential online access, reflecting the tension between regulatory enforcement and the public’s need for connectivity.

This regulatory environment coincides with the government’s launch of the 5Es National Economic Transformation Plan (2024-29), aimed at enhancing IT exports and fostering a digital ecosystem. Local experts stress that achieving these goals requires lifting social media restrictions and strengthening internet infrastructure. An Information and Communications Technology analyst noted that disruptions damage Pakistan’s global IT service reputation and could hinder long-term economic growth.

Despite increasing internet penetration, reported by the Pakistan Telecommunications Authority at 56.51% in May 2024, recurring disruptions pose economic risks. The Personal Data Protection Bill, passed in July 2023, regulates data management, though its implementation has prompted concerns about surveillance overreach.

Digital rights organizations have urged transparency regarding internet restrictions and adherence to international human rights standards. Amnesty International called on Pakistani authorities to ensure that monitoring systems are not deployed disproportionately.

Recent developments include implementing advanced internet monitoring technology designed to enhance government oversight at major internet gateways. Digital rights activists have expressed concerns about increased surveillance capabilities and their potential impact on privacy and free expression.

Mobile internet outages during protests and home internet restrictions have further complicated online work and communication. Reports suggest that connectivity in some areas has regressed to 2G levels, placing Pakistan near the bottom in global rankings for mobile and broadband speeds.

As Pakistan targets economic growth and poverty reduction, ensuring a reliable digital infrastructure and maintaining a balance between security and online freedom will be critical to achieving its development goals.

References

• https://tribune.com.pk/story/2513904/internet-woes-dent-nations-it-ambitions
• https://www.pta.gov.pk//en/telecom-indicators
• https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/08/pakistan-authorities-must-be-transparent-about-internet-disruptions-and-surveillance-tech/
• https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/11/26/pakistan-tests-china-like-digital-firewall-to-tighten-online-surveillance
• https://tribune.com.pk/story/2513904/internet-woes-dent-nations-it-ambitions
• https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20241127-pakistan-web-controls-quash-dissent-and-potential
• https://tribune.com.pk/story/2514967/pakistan-ranked-among-slowest-for-internet-speed
• https://www.brecorder.com/news/40318058

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