What a NASA spacecraft saw at a robots grave from orbit

For the past two years, a NASA spacecraft has sat lifeless on the surface of Mars, its solar panels caked with dirt. 

From a vantage point in space, the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter recently caught a glimpse of the dormant InSight lander. The new images are not only a last goodbye to the lander but capture the incredibly turbulent nature of dust storms on the Red Planet. 

Despite the fact that InSight retired in December 2022, engineers quietly hoped that the robot, unable to communicate through a deep coma, might still wake up. They believed there was a small chance wind could sweep some dust off the panels, allowing the spacecraft to once again collect sunshine and recharge its batteries. 

Alas, they haven't heard a peep. As 2024 comes to a close, engineers will stop listening for radio signals from InSight, according to NASA.  

“It feels a little bittersweet to look at InSight now. It was a successful mission that produced lots of great science," said Ingrid Daubar, a Brown University planetary scientist, in a statement. "Of course, it would have been nice if it kept going forever, but we knew that wouldn’t happen."

Scientists have long known the hazards of dust devils churning up Martian dirt, though dust devils can also blow accumulating dirt off of solar panels. About 12 years ago, the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter caught sight of an extraordinary one with a plume stretching 12 miles into the sky.

Dust devils on Mars form similarly to those on Earth, despite the fact that Mars' atmosphere is much thinner. They tend to happen on dry days when the ground gets hotter than the surrounding area. Typically smaller than tornadoes, dust devils are whirlwinds that make a funnel-like chimney, channeling warmer air up and around.

The rotating wind accelerates the way ice skaters spin faster as they bring their arms closer to their bodies. On Mars, this phenomenon leaves tracks — straight lines, curves, and curlicues — where it has traveled. The color is a result of picking up the light dust coating virtually all of the Red Planet, exposing layers of dark volcanic rocks.

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Between 2018 and 2022, InSight studied upward of 1,000 marsquakes and collected daily weather reports. It detected the planet's large liquid core and helped map Mars' inner geology. NASA expected that the spacecraft would eventually be so covered in dust, it would no longer be able to generate power. 

Despite the fact that it didn't wake up, scientists have continued to monitor the dust on the lander. They are learning about how much of it gets blown away by gusts and dust devils. And knowing how long it takes for dust to cover craters will help scientists date the collisions that caused them. 

The information also is important as the space agency prepares future missions to Mars.

"Even though we’re no longer hearing from InSight, it’s still teaching us about Mars," Daubar said.